Productivity Improvement Techniques

These twelve productivity improvement techniques are explained as follows:- 1. Value Engineering (VE) : Value Engineering (VE) is the process of improving the value of a product at every stage of the product life cycle. At the development stage, VE improves the value of a product by reducing the cost without reducing quality. At the maturity stage, VE reduces the cost by replacing the costly components (parts) by cheaper components. VE also tries to improve the value and quality of the product. Value is the satisfaction which the consumer gets by using the product.VE tries to give maximum value for a lowest price. 2. Quality Circles (QC) : The concept of Quality Circles (QC) was introduced in 1960 in Japan. QC is a small group of employees who meet regularly to identify, analyse, and solve problems in their department. The QC members advise the management to implement new methods to solve work-related problems. QC increases the productivity. 3. Financial and Non-Financial Incentives : The organisation must motivate the employees by providing financial and non-financial incentives.The financial incentives include better wages and salaries, bonus, etc. The non-financial incentives include better working conditions, welfare facilities, worker's participation in management, etc. 4. Operations Research (OR) : Operations Research (OR) uses mathematical and scientific methods to solve management problems, including problems of productivity. QR technique uses a scientific method to study the alternative courses of actions and to select the best alternative. OR uses techniques such as linear programming, game theory, etc. to make the right decision. Thus, QR helps to improve productivity. 5. Training : Training is a process of increasing the knowledge and skills of the employees. Training is a must, for new employees and experienced employees. Training increases the efficiency of the employee. Thus, training results in high productivity. 6. Job Enlargement : Job Enlarge ment is a horizontal expansion of a job. It is done to make jobs more interesting and satisfying. It involves increasing the variety of duties. For e. g. typist may be given the job of accounts writing in addition to the typing work. This technique is used for lower level jobs. 7. Job Enrichment : Job Enrichment is a vertical expansion of a job. It makes routine jobs more meaningful and satisfying. It involves providing more challenging tasks, and responsibilities. For e. g. a manager who prepares performance reports is asked to make plans for his department. Job Enrichment technique is used for higher-level jobs. 8. Inventory Control : There must be a proper level of inventory.Overstocking and under stocking of inventories must be avoided. Overstocking of inventories will result in blocking of funds and there are chances of spoilage or misuse of materials. Under stocking of inventories will result in shortages. This will block the smooth flow of production, and so the delivery sche dules will be affected. 9. Materials' management : Materials' management deals with optimum utilisation of materials in the manufacturing process. It involves scientific purchasing, systematic store keeping, proper inventory control, etc.The main objective of materials' management is to purchase the right quantity and quality materials, at the right prices, at the right time, to maintain favourable relations with suppliers, to reduce the cost of production, etc. 10. Quality Control : The main objective of quality control is to produce good quality goods at reasonable prices, to reduce wastages, to locate causes of quality deviation and to correct such deviations, to make the employees quality conscious, etc. 11. Job Evaluation : Job Evaluation is a process of fixing the value of each job in the organisation.It is done to fix the wage rate for each job. A proper job evaluation increases the moral of the employees. This increases the productivity. 12. Human factor engineering : Human factor engineering refers to the man-machine relationship. It is designed to match the technology to a human requirement. The term Ergonomics has originated from the Greek word ‘ergos' meaning ‘Work' and ‘nomikos' meaning ‘Law'. So, it means ‘Law of Work'. It tells us how to fit a job to a man's psychological and physiological characteristics to increase human efficiency and well-being.

Prescriptive Grammar Essay

This lesson highlights the important fact that linguists describe the grammatical system of a language on the basis of what people actually say, not what they should say. To a linguist, grammar consists of those constructions judged acceptable by a native speaker’s intuitions. This is what it means to say that linguistics is descriptive and not prescriptive. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive. Many people associate knowing a language with speaking and writing it according to the grammatical rules established for that language in grammar books and dictionaries. The study of linguistic competence does not include the study of prescriptive standards that claim that one sentence rather than another is correct. Instead, linguists are interested in what speakers of a language actually say and what they accept as possible in the language, regardless of whether the construction matches the grammar rules posited by the grammar â€Å"police.† This approach to grammar is descriptive rather than prescriptive. Descriptive grammar is what speakers say, and when, why and how they say it (and not whether they should or shouldn’t say it.) Linguists concern themselves with discovering what speakers know about a language and describing that knowledge objectively. They devise rules of descriptive grammar. For instance, a linguist describing English might formulate rules such as these: 1.Some English speakers end a sentence with a preposition (Who do you want to speak to?) 2.Some English speakers use double negatives for negation (I don’t have nothing.) 3.Adjectives precede the nouns they modify (red book, nice guy) 4.To form the plural of a noun, add -s (1 room, 2 rooms; 1 book, 2 books) 5.The vowel sound in the word suit is produced with rounded lips. Linguists don’t make judgment calls as to whether the speakers should or shouldn’t speak a certain way. Descriptive grammar, then, is created by linguists as a model of speakers’ linguistic competence. Prescriptive grammar is what speakers should or shouldn’t say. When most people think of â€Å"grammatical rules,† they think of what linguists call rules of prescriptive grammar. Prescriptive rules tell you how to speak or write, according to someone’s idea of what is â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad.† Of course, there is nothing inherently good or bad about any use of language; prescriptive rules serve only to mold your spoken and written language t o some norm. Here are a few examples of prescriptive rules; you  can probably think of others. 1.The subject of a sentence must agree with the verb (The instructions are clear NOT The instructions is clear.) 2.Use much for count nouns. Use many for non-count nouns (We don’t have much coffee AND We don’t have many cups of coffee.) 3.Capitalize the first letter of a sentence (The television is broken. It needs to be fixed.) 4.Use subject pronouns after the verb be (It was I who called you NOT It was me who called you.) 5.Use the definite article the before names of rivers and geographical areas but not before the names of lakes or continents (the Nile, the Middle East AND Lake Tahoe, Asia) Notice that the prescriptive rules make a value judgment about the correctness of an utterance. Descriptive rules, on the other hand, accept the patterns a speaker actually uses and try to account for them. Descriptive rules allow for different varieties of a language; they don’t ignore a construction simply because some prescriptive grammarian doesn’t like it. If linguistics is descriptive and not prescriptive, then why do we have prescriptive rules anyway? So, if prescriptive rules are not based on actual use, how did they arise? Many of these rules were actually invented by someone. During the 17th and 18th centuries, scholars became preoccupied with the art, ideas, and language of ancient Greece and Rome. The classical period was regarded as a golden age and Latin as the perfect language. The notion that Latin was somehow better or purer than contemporary languages was strengthened by the fact that Latin was by then strictly a written language and had long ceased to undergo the changes natural to spoken language. For many writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, the rules of Latin became, whenever remotely feasible, the rules of English. It is somewhat surprising that rules that do not reflect actual language use should survive. There are several reasons, however, for the continued existence of prescriptive rules. 1.Rules provide a standard form of a language that is accepted by most speakers of that language. Adherence to prescriptive rules allows a speaker to be understood by the greatest possible number of individuals. This is especially important for a language such as German, which has dialects so different from one another that their speakers cannot always understand each other. 2.A set of standard rules is necessary for students learning English (or any other language) as a second language. Imagine the chaos if there were no guidelines for learning English  (or Spanish, or Japanese, or Arabic, etc.) Thus, rules serve a very useful purpose for language teachers and learners as well. 3.Most importantly, there are social reasons for prescriptive rules. Nonstandard dialects are still frowned upon by many groups and can inhibit one’s progress in society. The existence of prescriptive rules allows a speaker of a nonstandard dialect to learn the rules of the standard dialect and employ them in appropriate social circumstances. Therefore, prescriptive rules are used as an aid in social mobility. This does not mean, however, that these judgments about dialects are linguistically valid. The idea that one dialect of a language is intrinsically better than another is simply false. From a strictly linguistic point of view all dialects are equally good and equally valid. To look down on nonstandard dialects is to exercise a form of social and linguistic prejudice. We’ll learn more about language and identity in our next module. According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, the term dates from 1706 and is defined as â€Å"a person who adheres strictly and often excessively to a tradition†, especially â€Å"one preoccupied with the purity of a language and its protection from the use of foreign or altered forms.† A purist is one who desires that an item remain true to its essence and free from adulterating or diluting influences.

Byzantine Art Essay Example for Free (#2)

Byzantine Art Essay There are many differences and similarities between the following two pieces of art; the Toreador Fresco and the Egyptian Fowling Scene. The Toreador Fresco is a fresco depicting a bull-leaping ceremony. It is from the palace at Knossos(Crete), Greece and from around 1450-1400 BCE. The Egyptian Fowling Scene is a mural painting from the tomb of Nebamun. It is from Thebes, Egypt and from the 18th Dynasty, ca. 1400-1350 BCE. The styles between these two periods are very different, but there are still a few similarities found between the two pieces of art. The Toreador Fresco depicts a bull in the center, and a man leaping over its back. There is a woman on each side of the bull. Unlike the Fowling Scene, this fresco includes a border. In the Egyptian Fowling Scene, Nebamun is standing in his boat, flushing birds from a papyrus swamp. He is holding his throwing stick in one hand and three birds in the other hand. He is accompanied by his wife and daughter who are both shown holding lotus flowers. In the Toreador Fresco, the bull is the central figure of the painting while in the Fowling Scene every space was filled with lively details such as lotus flowers and butterflies. As for the depiction of the human figure, in the Toreador Fresco, the human figures have stylized shapes with pinched waists and they are highly animated. Also, in order to distinguish between male and female, the artist painted the young women with fair skin and the man with dark skin. This was a widely accepted ancient Minoan convention. This is very different from the depiction of human figures in the Fowling Scene. The skin color of Nebamun, his daughter and his wife are all the same dark color. The artist scaled down their figures in proportion to their rank. The wife and daughter were much smaller than Nebamun. Also, in the Fowling Scene, the animals show a naturalism based on careful observation. One similarity between the paintings was that the human figures were painted with the profile pose with the full-view eye. Another similarity between the two paintings would be that they both represent rituals and traditions. The Toreador Fresco depicts the Minoan ceremony of bull-leaping while the Fowling Scene is a tomb painting showing that Nebamun is enjoying himself in the afterlife. Another difference would be that in the Toreador Fresco, the artist used curved lines to suggest the elasticity of the living and moving beings unlike the Fowling Scene where the depiction of movement was not represented very well. In the Toreador Fresco, the artist also elongated the animal’s shape to show the powerful charge of the bull and used sweeping lines to form a funnel of energy. It is easily seen how the depiction of movement is better represented in the Toreador Fresco than in the Fowling Scene. In the Fowling Scene, the artist used many different and lively colors whereas in the Toreador Fresco, there is not a great variety of colors used. In the Toreador Fresco, you can tell that it is Minoan art by the elegance of the Cretan figures, with their long, curly hair and proud and self-confident bearing. This distinguishes them from all other early figures styles. You can also see a few cultural differences between the two periods just by comparing the two paintings. The human figures in the paintings are all dressed much differently. Also, in ancient Egypt, the artists often used hierarchal scale in their paintings. They would make the size of the human figures larger based on their social status. That is why in the Fowling Scene, the wife and the daughter of Nebamun are much smaller than him. Whereas, in the Toreador Fresco, you do not see a hierarchal scale, the human figures are all the same size. In conclusion, there are many differences and similarities between the Toreador Fresco and the Fowling Scene. Both paintings represent rituals and traditions. Also, they both have figures painted with the profile pose. In the Toreador Fresco, it includes a border and the bull is the central figure. The human figures are wasp-waisted, and highly animated. The depiction of movement is much better represented in this piece of art than the Fowling Scene because the artist used curved lines to emphasize the movement of the figures. He also elongated the bull’s shape to show the powerful charge of the animal and used sweeping lines to form a funnel of energy. In comparison, in the Fowling Scene, the artists filled every space with lively details. The marsh is full of lotus flowers and butterflies. Although the depiction of movement is not shown as well as the Toreador Fresco, a variety of lively colors is shown in the painting. Unlike the Toreador Fresco, the hierarchal scale is shown in the Fowling Scene. Byzantine Art. (2016, Dec 08).

Catholicism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Catholicism - Assignment Example Testament of the bible, which prophesied that he would come be born to a virgin, die on the cross and rise three days afterwards; in order to give eternal life to those who believed in him. The many miracles which he performed were recorded in the New Testament in the gospel books by eyewitnesses. He was human and divine in nature making him credible to worship. Christians refer to Jesus as the messiah, which means they have received their prophesied deliverer. Christianity teaches that only one supreme being who is God. Christians believe that God is the creator of everything the universe knows of and that they are yet to discover. They also believe that God created the first human beings who were Adam and Eve in His own image meaning he gave them a likeness like that of his own in terms of character. For this reason, Christians do not by the scientific argument of evolution from a sine celled organism to the modern complex organisms which including the human beings. God created the first beings, put them on the Garden of Eden, and continued to give them the freedom to choose between right and wrong. He however gave them a condition, which was if they choose evil they would be punished and this came to be later on. Sinning was contrary to the nature of God and the punishment for their sin was being throne of the Garden of Eden and having to work to fend for them-selves. They would also be subject to death and suffering. Their descendants would also inherit the sinful nature of their ancestors. Children did not have to learn but were sinful since conception and the sinful nature would come out naturally this made it necessary for the coming of the messiah who was Jesus. Christianity also teaches that God is made up of three entities which are god the father, god the son and God the spirit. The three make up the trinity. It also teaches that one is only saved from self-distraction only when they believe and Grace and Faith receive that salvation in the works

What does advertisement tell us about America before and after Essay

What does advertisement tell us about America before and after capitalism - Essay Example Perhaps, this is why Washington, Mary and their two children were escaping from the subscriber with who the family had lived for the past 15 years. During the closing stages of nineteenth century, industrial revolution aimed at substituting massive manpower as well as animal with mechanical power in the production process. With industrialization gaining popularity, specialization became more dominant with factories producing goods and service in large batches. Despite the fact that artisans together with small shops were never absolutely eliminated by factories, they were largely reduced to insignificant players in the economy of major nations. With rising modern working class and increasing popularity of production mechanization, production tools became concentrated on a few hands. Workers had insignificant property and had to sell their labor to the capitalists for cash. Capitalism was spurred by private property ownership and economic boom and bust brought about by industrialization. As workers continued to exchange their labor for cash, factory owners accumulated huge amounts of wealth, increasing private ownership and mono poly tendencies (Tomka 195). Even though there were outcries for the abolition of such tendencies, capitalism thrived in the phase of industrial revolution in the nineteenth century crossing over to the twentieth century. In the ad on lecture 8:31 â€Å"GREAT WHITE FLEET: CARIBBEAN CRUISES,† the replacement of animal power by mechanized transportation modes is evident. Unlike previous experiences, where farm products were ferried by animals, industrialization led to emergence of the â€Å"Great White Fleet† with higher carriage capacity. This promoted increased production as more goods could be transported with ease to the market. The ships only carried first class passengers, probably capitalists, providing them with comfortable ride to their destinations. The ad also features workers taking farm

SCOTS LAW - commercial law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SCOTS LAW - commercial law - Essay Example In the development of Scots law roman principles were used. Law of the roman people gave individuals the right to enjoy certain privileges; in return, the people had a variety of obligations to fulfil. These principles find applications to help solve a variety of court cases in modern day Scotland unlike in England where court decisions are based on past rulings by judges in given cases, often known as common law. Some of the laws in Scotland find their origin from various courts. These could be in England, Scotland and from other courts across Europe. Courts are of great importance in the Scottish legal system as they can amend the law. Another source of Scottish law is lawyers who flourished in the seventeen and eighteen centuries. These lawyers wrote books that set out the precedence on which the Scottish law is based. Most of the principles were originally from the roman laws. Various lawyers who practice law today in Scotland follow and apply these principles to modern day law. The legislature in the United Kingdom makes laws through ‘acts of parliament.’ The laws are taken through the process of legislation; here they are first introduced as bills. From bills, they undergo further amendments until they finally signed into by the queen. Scotland established its own parliament. The government of the United Kingdom delegated some power to the Scottish parliament to make laws. The parliament in Scotland is, however, a minor player as the United Kingdom parliament is still supreme when it comes to legislation function. The right of humans are a fundamental part of life and it is important that they be protected by the law. These rights include the right to private life and the right to express oneself freely. The European Commission on Human Rights put these laws to ensure protection of human rights. Human right law is a significant source of law as all laws made must conform to it. The rights of humans

Moulding Techniques for a Brake Caliper Assignment

Moulding Techniques for a Brake Caliper - Assignment Example End products are normally component products applicable in various industries and applications. Below are samples of brake calipers of the various make of vehicles. It is also known as expandable pattern casting (EPC). LFC involves the substitution of a low solidity foam prototype by liquid metal. It offers the capability of a direct production of nearly any multifaceted geometry including sophisticated cavities and undercuts without tapers and the requirement for considerable completed work (Bhattacharjee 201). Compared to the conservative sand casting methods it has an environmental and economic advantage. The actual LFC-system applies patterns of expandable polystyrene (EPS) for manufacturing applications. These patterns, directly designed to shape, are engrossed in a molding case with binder less sand. The fluid metal, which is dispensed into the molds of the downspouts, vaporizes the EPS model, which is specifically substituted by the metal (Bhattacharjee 201). With the opportunity of assembled prototypes very sophisticated shapes can be generated and the castings can be replicated with amazing dimensional accuracy. Pattern making: The first material needed for pattern production is EPS. The first step in the LFC-procedure is the pre-enlargement of EPS beads. After maturing the beads are gusted into a mold producing the pattern part. The mold is then heated up with steam to expand the beads more and tightly fit the hole of the mold. Hot vapor and enlargement of the beads make them to weld together (Bhattacharjee 201). Cluster assembly. Complicated parts involving hidden cavities and undercuts cannot be molded in one operational step, but are accumulated from pattern sections into a complete pattern. Amalgamation techniques used are heated platen welding, gluing and plugging. In order to augment the effectiveness of the total process, numerous patterns are joined into a cluster and provided with a common gate structure, also made of EPS.

Sexism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexism - Essay Example Women have nothing to prove but there are still several men who believe that women are inferior to men and should be suppressed. This feeling can also be a result of insecurity, several women have the ability to outperform men in almost every field, this is why men feel the need to suppress women. Men make sexist remarks because they believe that women are inferior, Andy Gray’s example is very appropriate here, he thought that a lineswoman can never perform as well as a linesman and this is why he made sexist remarks and was later sacked. Saying anything inappropriate about women is called sexism, for instance several men think that when a woman employee gets promoted she gets her promotion by going out of her ways and giving sexual favors to her boss, this is a fine example of sexism. They use language which is beyond the pale; such things should be kept under perfect control in an organization. Women get raped so frequently in Asian countries, this is because of misogyny. Women haters rape them not for sexual interest but to inflict pain on them. Breaking down a woman physically and psychologically is more often than not the main aim of a perpetrator. Women should be treated fairly and they should be given respect, there is no reason as to why they should not be respected in the society. They have already proved themselves and need not prove themselves any further. Domestic labor is taken for granted; Karl Marx had serious problems with this. He said that women should be paid for domestic labor, women work indefatigably but we fail to acknowledge their contribution. They raise children but do not get enough credit for it. To conclude it is very fair to say that sexism in any form should be discouraged, our society would become so much better should we start treating women with respect. They deserve to be respected and not to be raped and exploited. Andy Gray Sacked (2011).

Art Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art Therapy - Essay Example This paper focuses on art therapeutic effect. it is clear that art therapists should be aware of psychotherapeutic theories and adapt them into models relevant to art therapy (Waller, 1992). Psychological treatments next to creativity are combined in art therapy. As far as we can see, art therapy is a unification of medical and non-medical treatment and is available to the society both in medical and non-medical institutions. This fact proves that art therapy is a new stage in medicine development. Art therapists are mediators between the inner world of an individual and a turbulent reality. Creative minds of art therapists and their different approaches to every patient inspire their patients so that the latter can become calm and self-confident people. Art therapists make patients confident in their abilities to establish a successful social relationship, increase their cognitive abilities. Social difficulties experienced by individuals can be cured via art therapy as well. Basically, art therapists show humane attitude to their patients and it is necessary to devote more researchers to this ‘new paradigm’ of art therapy. Books and researchers in art therapy should be written in a creative manner. A creative spirit is an important factor of such kind of works. Art therapy is a paradoxical combination of science and art, which have been often regarded to be incompatible, but this science dis pels this myth and we clearly see that scientific and creative combination leads to a creation of effective field such as art therapy.

Reflection papers#4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection papers#4 - Essay Example The punishment to fire that huge amount of people involved in corruption or those likely to be involved is acceptable. Even though the number of people sacked due to the corruption charges was extremely large, it is wise to eliminate them than try to change them (Watson, 2015). This is because; corruption does a lot of damage to the company than any other misconduct. First of all, corruption taints the image and reputation of a company and in fact for such an international company this is shameful and irreparable. Secondly, corruption threatens the very future of a company since money is used for personal things while the company’s needs are neglected. This leads to bad work environment, reduction of employee’s salaries and more. Thirdly, corruption leads to low quality standards of goods produced by a company which is corrupt. This is because they will take bribes and offer contracts to undeserving people furthermore, the work ethics will be poor since the workforce wi ll be full of incompetent people who bribed their way in to the company. Lastly, corruption will means that employees suffer at the hands of their fellow co workers and people with power since any charges will just be bribed and brushed off without fair and just consideration. This will also make many people be fired unjustly if the bosses feel like it. If I were the new chief ethics officer I would have handled the situation nearly the same way. However, I would have not fired everybody who was alleged to be in the corruption game. I would have used tact to find out the real ring leaders and not blame everybody in the departments. Even though bribery was legal in German until 1999, the corruption at Siemens was not justified (Watson, 2015). A leading international company like Siemens had a reputation to keep even when the vice was legal. A company can sign code and conduct contracts with employees upon employment where they are asked if

Child Labour Essay Example for Free

Child Labour Essay Child labor is work that harms children or keeps them from attending school. Around the world growing gaps between rich and poor in recent decades have forced millions of young children out of school and into work. The International Labor Organization estimates that 215 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 currently work under conditions that are considered illegal, hazardous, or extremely exploitative. Underage children work at all sorts of jobs around the world, usually because they and their families are extremely poor. Large numbers of children work in commercial agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, mining, and domestic service. Some children work in illicit activities like the drug trade and prostitution or other traumatic activities such as serving as soldiers. Some social scientists point out that some kinds of work may be completely unobjectionable — except for one thing about the work that makes it exploitative. For instance, a child who delivers newspapers before school might actually benefit from learning how to work, gaining responsibility, and a bit of money. But what if the child is not paid? Then he or she is being exploited. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work needs to be seen as happening along a continuum, with destructive or exploitative work at one end and beneficial work promoting or enhancing children’s development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest at the other. And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a child’s development. Other social scientists have slightly different ways of drawing the line between acceptable and unacceptable work. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work needs to be seen as happening along a continuum, with destructive or exploitative work at one end and beneficial work promoting or enhancing children’s development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest at the other. And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a child’s development. Other social scientists have slightly different ways of drawing the line between cceptable and unacceptable work. In 2000, the ILO estimates, 246 million child workers aged 5 and 17 were involved in child labour, of which 171 million were involved in work that by its nature is hazardous to their safety, physical or mental health, and moral development. Moreover, some 8. 4 million children were engaged in so-called unconditional worst forms of child labour, which include forced and bonded labour, the use of children in armed confl ict, trafficking in children and commercial sexual exploitation.

Tourism in New South Wales Essay Example for Free

Tourism in New South Wales Essay Introduction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  This paper seeks to answer given questions in relation to tourism   and   travel industry at New South Wales including evaluation the effectiveness of measures taken, difference of approach for Asian countries   affected by crisis, knowing   how to incorporate crisis management in an organization’s business strategic plans and   how to reduce damage from unseen contingencies. Questions and Answers 2.1. Do you think the measures taken by Tourism New South Wales were effective in helping the travel and tourism industry?   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The measures taken by the Tourism New South Wales (TNSW) were effective in helping the travel and tourism industry in the sense that the outcome was a minimized reduction inflow of total visitors to the state through careful management of the crisis.    It was further mentioned that TNSW succeeded in defusing the industry hysteria and ensured that the industry was adequately informed, which gave the industry directions how to conduct its short and medium-term strategy in response to the crisis.   As a result, the industry, did not abandon the region in question entirely, which could have led to a very damaging loss of face and presence in many of the markets (Gray and Fletcher, n.d.).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An analysis of the measures taken revealed concern rather than alarmed in terms of initial response taken by TNSW to address the crisis.   TNSW identified the crisis at the earliest time possible by tapping industry contacts and commentary by its regional officers in the affected areas. It helped to see the extent of the problem when government statistics on inbound tourism became available for decision making.   Since by that time, several media sources had been painting a bleak picture of the entire Asian-based tourism industry, which thereby created hysteria within the travel and tourism industry as a whole, TNSW has responded responsively accordingly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TNSW conducted its own analysis on the nature and extent of the crisis, and how it affected the travel and tourism industry on a country-by-country basis. By monitored the news reports for accuracy and senior levels, TNSW disseminated information through the press to paint a more comprehensive picture of what was actually happening as way of damage control to what the press has earlier reported. TNSW revived confidence and calmed down the hysteria generated through some speculative biased reports (Gray and Fletcher, n.d.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Instead of being alarmed TNSW was able to provide leadership on how the industry should respond and to provide forecasts which it used to project the nature and extent of the recovery in all markets.   Based on forecasts made, it was able to see where it could take advantage opportunities and minimize the effect of industry threats (Kotler,1994; Kotter and Schlesinger,1991; Porter, 1980).   As part of its many tactical decisions, case facts mentioned the allocation of a larger portion of its budget to Asian region being diverted to other key growth markets such as the USA and Europe.   TNSW applied careful marketing investment decisions in Asia on the basis of analysis of which markets would recover first. It was able to observe which of the markets showed evidence of rebound while ensuring that it would not lose presence and awareness in those markets. How will the approach differ for the Asian countries affected by the crisis?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The approach will differ for Asian countries affected by the crisis in terms of giving priority where risks caused by the Asian crisis should be brought at the minimum by allocating more budgets for Asian countries than the rest that could produce more revenues or less amount of loss.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To implement this kind of strategy, those countries which could give earlier recovery in terms of more revenues or less amount of loss should be viewed in the proper values of currencies of each of the countries. To illustrate, some of the Asian countries have smaller devaluation of their currencies than others in relation to the US dollar or those which has shown smaller decline in number of visitors are less affected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case facts say that the impacts of the crisis from Korea and Hong Kong were alarmingly low at the end to 1997, falling by about 90% from the previous year. Between the two Hong Kong has shown faster recovery. Japan in comparison showed smaller decline in number of visitors by about 6% in 1997, 19% in 1998 and 8% in 1999. Thus it was more proper to invest more in Japan that with Korea and Hong Kong.   Countries such as Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand appeared to have held up well in 1999 after their being badly affected during the crisis, thus these countries could receive higher budget allocation in 1999 and afterwards. TNSW could not just abandon Asian markets because they constitute about 40% of all NSW’s visitors (Gray and Fletcher, n.d.). 2.3. The travel and tourism industry is often exposed to uncertainty, risk and disaster. How important is to incorporate crises management in an organization’s strategic business plans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is important to incorporate crises management in an organization’s strategic business plans because failure to do would leave the country or nation unprepared to such eventuality and it is such a big risk to face in terms of loss revenues. In the case of New South Wales, the tourism industry income represents about 10% of the state economy and the government is also depending from the same industry to employ thousands of its people, thus the decision of TNSW is critical and very important to making its strategic plans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Incorporating therefore crises management to an organization’s strategic plans is the same as preparing for contingencies in the major part of the economic plans for New South Wales.   For a nation to lose big amount of revenues amounting to billions of US dollars and thousands of employment opportunities is also courting other problems for its people politically, socially and even psychologically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To incorporate crises management therefore in an organization’s strategic plans amounts being complete and realistic in preparing strategic plans (Churchill, Jr. and Peter, 1995; Cooper, L. 2000). Strategic plans are meant to attain objectives which include the characteristics of being specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound. To prepare for any eventuality including possible crises is just being realistic with possible events in the future and therefore including crises management in strategic business plans of an organization is deemed part of well prepared strategic plan. 2.3. The unexpected can happen to an overseas market or group of markets. What should international strategic marketing plans incorporate to reduce damage from unseen contingencies?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To reduce damage from unseen contingencies, the following should be incorporated in the international strategic marketing plans:   (1) A contingency plan that could address all possible scenarios; (2) The contingency plan should allow management a sober analysis and interpretation of anecdotal and statistical information for decision making; (3) The contingency plan should allow dissemination of information to industry players to allow responsible decisions (Gray and Fletcher, n.d.);   (4) The plan should provide leadership in terms of how to respond properly with the contingency; and (5) The plan should have forecasts (Brigham and Houston, 2002;   Weston and Brigham,1993; Helfert, 1994) that could   project the nature and extent of the recovery in all markets should the contingency happen (Gray and Fletcher (n.d.). Conclusion and Recommendation   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper has shown how an organization responded to unseen crises that it may not have foreseen as per case facts.   A calculated response was however noted in addressing the Asian financial crisis effects on tourism and travel industry to NSW by TNSW’s employing the elements of analysis and interpretation of anecdotal and statistical information, dissemination of information to industry, providing leadership in terms of how to respond to the crisis and providing forecasts which projected the nature and extent of the recovery in all markets.    The crisis was essentially external to TNSW but company appears to have been prepared despite any indication in the case fact that it did not foresee the same. The response therefore is an indication of preparedness that must formally form part of organization’s strategic plans. In additional international strategic marketing plans should incorporate contingency plans to reduce damage from unseen contingencies and that such contingency plans must be workable under different conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizations are therefore recommended to always be prepared and the best kind of preparation is integration of contingency plans on their strategic business plans. References: Brigham and Houston (2002) Fundamentals of Financial Management, Thomson South-Western, London, UK Churchill, Jr. and Peter (1995) Marketing, Creating Value for Customers, IRWIN,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sydney, Australia Cooper, L. (2000) Strategic marketing planning for radically new products, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 64 Issue 1, pp.1-15. Gray and Fletcher (n.d.) Tourism New South Wale’s Experience in marketing tourism during the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis Helfert, Erich (1994), Techniques for Financial Analysis, IRWIN, Sydney, Australia Kotler, P (1994) Marketing Management, Analysis Planning, Implementation and Control, London, UK Kotter, J. and Schlesinger, L. (1991) Choosing strategies for change, Harvard Business Review, pp.24-29. Porter (1980) Competitive Strategy, Free Press, London, UK Weston and Brigham (1993) Essential of Managerial Finance, Dryden Publishers   London, UK

The Agritourism Potential For Rural Development Tourism Essay

The Agritourism Potential For Rural Development Tourism Essay Development is critical and essential to the sustenance and growth of any nation. The main goal of each and every country is to reach overall development of the country. The term development encompasses the need and the means by which to provide better lives for people in a country. It includes not only economic growth, although that is crucial, but also human development providing health, nutrition, education, and a clean environment. However, in executing development is a complex issue and the basic perspective of it is equates development with economic growth. According to the United Nations Development Programme (2009) development is to lead long and healthy lives, to be knowledgeable, to have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living and to be able to participate in the life of the community. Gboyega (2003) captures development as an idea that embodies all attempts to improve the conditions of human existence in all ramifications. It implies improvement in material well being of all citizens, not the most powerful and rich alone, in a sustainable way such that todays consumption does not imperil the future, it also demands that poverty and inequality of access to the good things of life be removed or drastically reduced. It seeks to improve personal physical security and livelihoods and expansion of life chances.Thus, development aims at improving important aspects of peoples lives such as livelihood, security, environmental, physical and mental well being. Enhance in knowledge, experience and resources is helped people to build a better life. The goal of development is to expand the capabilities of people to live the lives they choose to lead (Amartya Sen 1999). It is most appropriately defined with their active participation. Development is different from growth. It has broader and deeper meanings. Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient condition for development and hence it can be viewed as a multi-dimensional phenomenon. The major dimensions of it include the level of economic growth, standards of education, quality of housing, level of health, distribution of goods and services, and access to communication (World Bank, 2005). Ingredients for development and economic growth are capital formation, human resources, natural resources, and technology/entrepreneurship. Capital formation is essential to invest in sectors with high economic output, saving capital, investing in infrastructure creates jobs directly and indirectly by attracting investors. Human resources are a key to development in any country. There is need to develop a mechanism to address lack of health facilities, lack of education, poverty, malnutrition, and disease. Human resource development is important if people are to make use of ICT for development. Natural resources are crucial in development. Development activities need to be harnessed more of their natural resources. It is imperative that they should improve farming techniques and develop better land ownership methods. Technology and entrepreneurship are important to developing countries to improve the know-how and know-what. Openness to ideas is important if any economy is to develop. The formation of regional and international blocks encourages technology and entrepreneurship. Development should be a sustainable long-term condition for humanitys multidimensional well-being. It has been clearly explained in the Rio Declaration, adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, held in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil as; Human beings are at the center of concern for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature. Sustainable development could probably be otherwise called equitable and balanced, meaning that, in order for development to continue indefinitely, it should balance the interests of different groups of people, within the same generation and among generations, and do so simultaneously in three major interrelated areas-economic, social, and environmental. Sustainable development is about equity, defined as equality of opportunities for well-being, as well as about comprehensiveness of objectives. Not all the countries in the world have same level of development. While developed countries have reached higher level of development or standard of living due to better standards in their societies, developing countries have faced several issues and challenges along their way towards development. Developed countries are countries whose lives are patterned industry and have some specific characteristics like higher level of average per capita income, level of education, life expectancy of the population and also low level of population growth rate and death rate. Life style is based on the market economy and economic activities are mostly related with industry sector as well as export oriented. Furthermore, majority of the population lives in cities and there is relatively higher level of health of the population. Countries that have Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.788 or over are in the category of developed countries. According to the IMF index of HDI released in 2011, there are 47 countries in the top quartile and classified as possessing a Very high human development. On the other hand several common negative characteristics can be seen among developing countries as well. These are preventing the development of those countries. Low levels of living are manifested qualitatively and quantitatively in form of low incomes, inadequate housing, poor health, limited or no education, high infant mortality, low life and work expectancy, and in many cases, a general sense of malaise and hopelessness are some of them. Moreover, low levels of productivity in many areas like labour productivity, agriculture or farm productivity. In addition, low level of industrial development, high unemployment, small domestic market, small amount of disposable income and uneven regional development, problems in institutional changes in land tenure, credit and banking structures, honest and efficient administrations and the restructuring of educational and training. Most of the developing countries possess high population growth potential characterized by high birth rate and high but declining death rate. Rural development in developing countries Rural development is an integral part of the national development of a country. Rural development actions are mainly and mostly to development aim for the social and economic development of the rural areas (Chigbu, 2012). Especially in developing countries, very high emphasis has been given to rural development, aiming to gain equitable and balance development throughout the country. Rural Development which is concerned with economic growth and social justice, improvement in the living standard of the rural people by providing adequate and quality social services and minimum basic needs becomes essential. The present strategy of rural development mainly focuses on poverty alleviation, better livelihood opportunities, provision of basic amenities and infrastructure facilities through innovative programs of wage and self-employment. Rural development generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic wellbeing of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas (Malcolm, 2003). Although rural development has traditionally centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry, due to changes in global production networks and increased urbanization have changed the character of rural areas. Increasingly tourism, niche manufacturers, and recreation have replaced resource extraction and agriculture as dominant economic drivers (Neil and David, 2009). The need for rural communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource based businesses. Education, entrepreneurship, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure all play an important role in developing rural regions (Conn, 1996). Rural devel opment is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic development strategies (Malcolm, 2003). Furthermore, rural development aims at finding the ways to improve the rural lives with participation of the rural people themselves so as to meet the required need of the rural area. As such, general people themselves have to participate in their sustainable rural development. When rural development is concerned, in one point of view it can be explained as the development consists of a wide variety of new activities such as the production of high quality and region specific products, nature conservation and landscape management, agritourism and the development of short supply chains (Knickel Renting, 2000). These new activities in rural areas mean new income sources to local people. Therefore it is believed that, doing diversification and utilizing multi-functionality of agriculture and formation of agritourism can be used as a strategy to enhance rural development. Rural Development and national development in developing countries In developing countries, the  rural development is one of the most important factors for the growth of the national economy. Desai (2009) has recorded Rural Development is an important segment of national development. Developing countries are primarily agriculture-based countries and majority of the population are in rural areas. Agriculture contributes for a significant share of the gross domestic product (GDP) of those countries. Agriculture, mining, forestry, handicrafts, fisheries, poultry, diary and rural tourism are the primary contributors to the rural business and economy of developing countries. However, in many developing countries sufficient amount of investment in rural sector doesnt take place (United nation, 2011). The rural sector is not able to contribute its full potential for the national development. For example, in the Asia-Pacific region in many cases governments implement national development strategies, including fiscal and trade policies, which are biased against agriculture and the rural sector in general. These policies are seriously affecting the livelihoods and entrepreneurial development of small agricultural producers, the landless and other producers in rural areas (United nation, 2011). As a consequence of the biased policies and budget allocations government institutions in most countries concerned have been unable to effectively promote agriculture and rural development through the provision of timely and adequate social and production services in rural areas making lesser contribution for the national development (FAO, 2008) Not only in Asia-Pacific this problem exists in other regions of the world as well. The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean need to invest more and better in rural communities as their economic contribution to national development is twice as large as officially believed, according to a new World Bank report released recently. The report evaluates the effects of the rural sector on national growth, poverty reduction, and environmental degradation both in rural areas and the rest of the economy, as well as the public policies that can enhance its contribution to overall national development (Viveros and Morrison 2005). A study of Onyemelukwe (1981) on the assessment of the performances of the rural sector of the typical African country Nigeria in national development contexts has found out the critical role of the sector and the system effects of inadequate equipment of the sector for such role. The Nigerian situation is used to illustrate the prospects and the problems of th e rural sector in most African countries. Rural sector in Sri Lanka is mainly consisted of farming community. The agriculture sector is the cornerstone in Sri Lankas economy with more than 70% of the population living in rural areas depending on agriculture for their livelihoods. Currently this sector contributes to about 18% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 30% of the employment (Central bank of Sri Lanka, 2011).  Therefore, without taking into consideration agricultural development, we cant even imagine rural development in this country. What is Agritourism? In general, agriourism is the practice of attracting travelers or visitors to an area or areas used primarily for agricultural purposes. In particular, it refers to farm enterprises and community events that showcase the activities and produce of rural families and the agricultural heritage of farming regions to travelers. Agritourism provides rural experiences to travelers with the goal of generating revenues for farmers and surrounding communities. These experiences typically include a wide range of attractions and activities that take place in agricultural areas. Important ingredients of agritourisms rural experiences include open spaces, low levels of urban or industrial development, and opportunities for visitors to directly experience agricultural, pastoral, and natural environments. Moreover, agritourism is a type of rural tourism. It is a combination of two complex industries; agriculture and tourism, to open up alternative income sources for the farmers as well as surrounding community (Wicks and Merrett, 2003). Brscic (2006) has explained agritourism as a special form of tourism which takes place within the family farm that symbolizes a specific form of business, giving a number of benefits to the families involved, with multiple impacts on the socio-economic relations and the space in rural areas. It is a form of farm diversification aiming some benefits from exiting farm resources. Agritourism can be also explained as an activity, enterprise or business that combines primary elements and characteristics of agriculture and tourism and provides an experience for visitors that stimulates economic activity and impacts both farm and community income. Relationship between agritourism and rural development Several research findings in many developed countries have shown that agritourism as a possible rural development strategy. For example, Haghiri and Okech (2011) discovered role of the agritourism in developing the economy of rural areas in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. According to Demirbas Topcu (2009), agritourism is a new element for rural development in Turkey. Agritourism as an effective vehicle for rural development in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan (Dernoi, 2002; Weaver and Fennell, 1998). Study of Hightower (2011) recorded that Agritourism is being used as a catalyst for additional income and triggering economic growth in rural areas. Disez, (1999) revealed that agritourism represents and innovative activity taking place within the framework of rural development in Massif Central region in France. In Romania, agritourism is the best way for the preservation of traditions and customs in the rural areas, supplying a sustainable rural development (Mo rtan, 2006). In some countries like Italy, Spain, Greece, Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Ireland and Norway it is a growing sector with the policies of the governments aiming to benefit from it as a regional development instrument (DemirtaÃ…Å ¸ Topcu, 2007; Frater, 1983). Rural tourism provides many benefits to local areas by bringing visitors to the region, increasing awareness for agricultural products and showcasing produce to the local and regional community. It can also provide incentives for local heritage and conservation groups to preserve unique heritage landscapes and built heritage. Most studies have highlighted the multiple benefits that agritourism brings to the farm, local communities, agriculture heritage and natural resources (Fleischer and Pizam, 1997; Busby and Rendle, 2000; Ventura and Milone, 2000; Sharpley, 2002; Wicks and Merrett, 2003; Hegarty and Przezbà ³rska, 2005; Fleischer and Tchetchik, 2005; Mitchell and De Waal, 2009). Agritourism Research conducted in developing countries A small number of researches have been conducted in some developing countries in Asia. Mayasia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and India are examples of such countries. When South Asian countries are concerned, the number of research is very few. India is the country leading in agritourism in this region. According to Tiraieyari and Hamzah (2011) in Malaysia, there are potential benefits of agritourism for farmers and local communities in general. It further indicated that  agritourism as an economic development instrument has great potential to contribute to rural development as Malaysia is one of the tourist countries with great potential to develop agritourism. As per the Council of Agriculture (COA) of Taiwan, after registering a decline of 1.9% of GDP in 2001, 173 Farms were established for tourism and this created huge impact in the development of rural areas of Taiwan such as chi-ching and Shwei-Li in Nantou County (Murangwa, 2010) A study on agritourism in Thailand notes that agritourism can utilize the agricultural holdings and products for the purpose of tourism such as scenery from paddy fields and vineyards, food and drink from agricultural products (vegetable, fruit, etc), souvenirs from local products (handicraft), and accommodations from redundant or vacated property to gain local development in area (Cynthiaord, 2012). As reported by the South East Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), in Manila Philippines, agritourism could be a nichà © tourism product that would help improve farm incomes provided a well-planned program is put in place. It will consolidate initiatives in agriculture and tourism sectors nationwide that contributed to poverty reduction, natural resources management, and rural development. (Aguiba, 2012) A research in Chitwan District in Nepal found out the importance of agritourism for the rural development in Nepal. Agritourism is the concept of diverting the tourists to those rural areas, where there is range of agricultural activities, services and amenities provided by farmers and rural people attract both internal as well as international tourists in order to generate extra income for their business. The living standard of the farmers and rural poor can be raised by identifying high value-low volume crops, which have comparative advantages and by optimally utilizing the available resources for sustainable development (Maharjan, 2008). However, the available literature evidence that our neighboring country India has engaged in agritourism successfully. According to the research on Agritourism the potential for sustainable development and growth aiming to explore the scope for developing agritourism in India has been conducted by Raghunandan et al.,(2010). This research has conc luded that there is potential for Agritourism in India to grow into an important source of income for the rural population if the development is focused on integration and participation. Furthermore, Agritourism has been identified as a source of generation of alternative income for farmers and local community, employment opportunities, reduction of gender bias and accelerate growth rate by Chadda and Bhakare (2010) based on their research on Socio-Economic Implications of Agritourism in India. Agritourism in Sri Lanka Evidence on only one study related to agritourism and rural development of Sri Lanka was found as a result of the vigorous literature search during the study. One study is the research conducted by Senanayaka and Wimalaratna (2010) about agritourism and rural development in Sri Lanka with special reference to Nuwara Eliya District. They have found that the economic problems as well as development potentials remain in agricultural areas side by side in the country. Only a small fraction of the vast rural agritourism resource base is being utilized by the industry now with little or no benefits to rural people. Dedicated research work on agritourism will promote the sector with the participation of policy makers, rural communities and private investors on a sustainable manner while trickling down a reasonable fraction of the benefits to the rural people. This would diversify their agricultural livelihoods and improve their income and living standards. As per the literature review, agritourism in most of the countries has a short history and it is at the developing stage (Maumbe, 2012; Choo, 2012; Bernardo et al., 2007). Several countries have the research findings mainly based on preliminary research and pilot studies. Therefore, there is definitely a need for future research to verify the preliminary findings of these researches especially in developing countries. Moreover, several researchers have shown that agritourism has lots of strengths and opportunities for the improvement of rural areas and rural development. However, those researches have been conducted in specific condition which is unique to that particular country itself. Therefore, generalization of the findings to other countries is not so valid specially, for developing countries having lots of variations in geographical, political, socio-economical and environmental conditions. Not only the differences among the developing countries, there are several regional lev el differences even within a country. Furthermore, in a country, rural areas are different from each other. Thus, testing the level of contribution of agritourism for the rural development at provincial level is the best way to identify the real potential of it. Since a very few number of research have been conducted at provincial level in developing countries, there is a need for lots of research of this kind. Even though in Sri Lanka there may be a potential in this regard, no sufficient research have been conducted in this field. Therefore, this kind of research is highly important. Problem statement Sri Lanka is a developing country and there is a need to enhance the living condition of the people by developing the total economy of the country. There is a gradual, but comparatively slow increase in GDP in the country for several years (Figure1.1). Figure 1.1: Improvement of the GDP from 2002 to 2012 in Sri Lanka Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2012 Sri Lanka tourism has contributed to the growth of total economy for several years. However, due to exist civil war during 2008-2009, tourism had being faced a declining trend. Along with ending the war in 2009, tourism industry restated to flourish and contribute for the national economy significantly. As a result, by now it is one of the main contributors of the national income of the country and expects to have further growth in future. The direct contribution of Travel Tourism to GDP in 2011 was LKR219.7bn (3.4% of GDP). This is forecast to rise by 5.6% to LKR232.0bn in 2012.This primarily reflects the economic activity generated by industries such as hotels, travel agents, airlines and other passenger transportation services (excluding commuter services). The direct contribution of travel tourism to GDP is expected to grow by 5.7% per annum to LKR402.4bn (3.4% of GDP) by 2022 (Figure 1.2). Figure 1.2: Contribution of travel and tourism to GDP from 2002 to 2022. Source: World Travel and Tourism council, 2012 Moreover, travel tourism generated 236,500 jobs directly in 2011 (3.0% of total employment) and this is forecast to grow by 0.2% in 2012 to 237,000 (3.0% of total employment). This includes employment by hotels, travel agents, airlines and other passenger transportation services (excluding commuter services). It also includes, for example, the activities of the restaurant and leisure industries directly supported by tourists. By 2022, travel tourism will account for 293,000 jobs directly, an increase of 2.2% per annum over the next ten years (Figure 1.3). Figure1.3: Travel and tourisms contribution to employment opportunities from 2011 to 2022 Source: World Travel and Tourism council, 2012 Rural sector performs a significant contribution for the national development in the country. About 70 percent of Sri Lankas population lives in its rural areas. In rural areas, main sectors that are helping for rural development are agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining, art and craft and rural tourism. Among these sectors, the most important one is agriculture. A large number of people in the rural sector engaged mainly in agriculture and allied activities. Agriculture sector can generate regionally equitable economic growth, rural livelihood improvement, and food security through efficient production of commodities for consumption for agro-based industries. Since agriculture sector has multi-functionality, it can link with other sectors like tourism and form new opportunities for local and regional development. Considering the experience of other developing countries in Asia, it can be assumed that there will be a potential for agritourism for the rural development in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this study will answer the question does agritourism represent a significant and viable rural development tool in Sri Lanka? 1.3 Objectives of the study The broad objective of this research is to explore the potential of agritourism for rural development in Sri Lanka with special reference to demand and supply issues. Specific objectives of this research are: To find out the current supply of agritourism in the country. To study the government policy interventions in tourism and agritourism sector of the country. To identify and assess the visitors needs and satisfaction of agritourism of the country. To find out the local residents attitude towards impacts of agritourism economic and contribution of agritourism for rural development. To find out the government officials attitude towards impact of agritourism to the rural development in the country and also national and provincial level support to the development of agritourism as a sector of rural development. To recommend ways and strategies to development of agritourism in Sri Lanka as a sector of rural development. 1.4 Conceptual Framework The aim of this research is to study the agritourism and its contribution for the rural development in the country. The main stakeholders of agritourism are agritourism providers, visitors, local residents and the government. Figure1.4 shows the relationship of the stakeholder in agritourism and how agritourism links with rural development. Agritourism providers supply the agritourism. They can be farmers, private sector companies or organizations. Agritourism supply can be conducted by adding tourism activities to the existing farm and arranging facilities for the visitors to come to the farm, see those activities and get some knowledge about them, spend leisure time at the farm. In supply agritourism three things are important. Things to see (farm animals, fruits, vegetables, Herbal plants) activities to do (feeding animals, milking cows, harvesting crops, climbing trees, picking fruits, threshing paddy) and farm products to buy (yogurts, curds, fruits, vegetable, jam jelly). Visitors can be local or foreign people those who are ready to buy the agritourism services. They make demand for agritourism. They come to visit the farm to see things, get a rest, enjoy farm activities and sometimes study on farming, Farm stay for few days, visit surrounding villages, buy local art and craft items, see cultural shows perform by local people and pay for the farm goods and services they consumed. In this way agritourism provider can earn extra income and other returns from agritourism which is the main aim of providing agritourism. Improvement of the level of income and living standard of the agritourism providers (especially farmers) is the main aspects of agritourism business. Other important point regarding agritourism is the presence of other tourism attractions in the area. Other tourism attractions can act as a motivational factor for visiting the agritourism operation. Moreover, proper government interference through correct rules and regulations are essential to operate the agritourism industry smoothly. Also, on the way, visitors can buy local products of nearby local residents, can visit other interesting places in the village like religious places, cultural sites, national parks, forests, waterfalls, traditional festivals, folk games. In this way, visitors can interact with local residents of the area. These interactions create economic, social-cultural and environmental that impacts for the rural development of the area. Furthermore, local residents can sell their products and labour to agritourism operation and earn some money. Enhancement of the level of income and living standard of local residents are the other aim of agritourism along the way to rural development. The other important factor is the government attitude towards agritourism and intervention to rural areas where agritourism operations are available. Especially provincial and local level governments have responsibility to enhance the condition of the area up to a good stand making it suitable for conducting tourism activities. So that, provision of infrastructure facilities such as road system, transport facilities, water, electricity, telecommunication to the area have to be taken place. Not only that, banking facilities, safety and security, medical facilities for the area are also needed to be provided. In this way, provisions of infrastructure facilities directly help for the rural develop of the area. Other Tourism Attractions of the Area -Mass tourism -Ecotourism -Nature tourism Agritourism Rural Development Other Sectors of Rural Development -Forestry, -Fisheries, -Mining, -Art and craft etc. National Development Visitors Demand and Supply of Agritourism Local Residence Government Policy -National Level -Provincial Level -Local Level Impacts of Agritourism Agritourism providers -Economic -Socio-cultural -Environmental Local Residents -Economic -Socio-cultural -Environmental Agritourism Providers Private Sector Medium and Large Scale Companies Local Foreign Farmers Figure 1.4 Conceptual Framework of the Study 1. 5 Scope and Limitations of the Study This study has covered important aspects such as the supply of agritourism (number of destinations, scale of operation, available facilities, number of visitors, length of stay etc). Demand for agritourism (demographic information of visitors, nature of their demand, visitors satisfaction towards agritourism, demand function) information of local residents (impacts of agritourism on them, their attitudes towards agritourism development) and policies related to agritourism development in the country. Agritourism is a business process. However, aspects like establishment, management, development, improvement, marketing and promotion of the operations are beyond the scope of this study. There were few limitations in this research. This is a small-scale research conducted at local level with four types of stakeholder; operators, visitor, local residents and government officials within only few districts without the whole country. In terms of operators, some financial analysis like benefit cost ratio, IRR of agritourism etc., could not be done as they did not want to disclose financial information d

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What are the benefits and advantages of internships? Internships help you gain exposure to real issues not found in textbooks, it also helps to increase your skills that are readily marketable from doing an internship. Interning can provide you with personal growth experiences and exposure to different job opportunities. Internships give you the opportunity to evaluate potential employers nearly risk free, which is a plus. I did an internship for a year at my church. The first thing I had to do was find the facility I was going to do the internship with. The next thing was to engage a suitable mentor for the work I was going to do as an intern. After talking to two perspective mentors one was chosen. Your mentor has to be dedicated to your success, and your spiritual growth. He or she must not be afraid of telling you the truth, and make sure you can follow instructions. An internship helps you to clarify your goals, gain experience by applying your knowledge and skills in work re lated situations. Experiences you will learn You will learn what you can do and the areas you need to work on in your studies. An Internship will help you gain the confidence you need to perfect your abilities. You will also gain valuable work experience. It also will give you some insight on how to solve problems with in your work area. Your internship will help you network by establishing a contact base, and references which can give you future letters of support. Internships provide hands-on learning opportunities, and also can lead to employment. All internships do not guarantee employment, but the experience is worth it. Whether you are compensated or not, the internship can provide you some academic credit to help you farther your education. Emp... ... that are for academic credit; which foster a particular discipline of mind. There are Internships that are primarily clerical or mechanical do not qualify for academic credit, but they increase marketability to employers. On average, only 30% of graduating seniors have job offers before graduation; however, after completing an internship, that figure rises to 58%. I had never done an internship before so it was a learning experience for me. Would I do this over again probably, would I recommend an internship to someone? Yes I would, it is very rewarding growth in integrity, character, and spirituality if you let the Lord refine you, and you are able to take constructive criticism, which helps you refine your weaknesses. I think this is a great course and would recommend it to another student, thanks for the opportunity to learn and grow from this experience.

Martin Luther King :: essays research papers

Martin Luther King Jr. King was born Michael Luther King in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15, 1929. He was one of the three children of Martin Luther King Sr., pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church, and Alberta (Williams) King, a former schoolteacher. He was renamed "Martin" when he was about 6 years old. After going to local grammar and high schools, at the age of 15, he entered Morehouse College located in Atlanta, under a special program for gifted students in 1944. He wasn't planning to enter the ministry, but then he met Dr. Benjamin Mays, a scholar whose manner and behavior convinced him that a religious career could be academically satisfying as well. After receiving his bachelor's degree in 1948, King attended Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, winning the Plafker Award as the outstanding student of the graduating class, and the J. Lewis Crozer Fellowship as well. He completed the coursework for his doctorate in 1953, and was granted the degree two years later upon achievement of his study. While in Boston, King met Coretta Scott, from Marion, Alabama, who was studying at the New England Conservatory of Music. They were married in 1953 and had four children. King then became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery in 1954. He had been pastor slightly more than a year when the city's small group of civil-rights advocates decided to contest racial segregation on that city's public bus system. On Dec. 1, 1955, a black woman named Rosa Parks had refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger and as a result had been arrested for disobeying the city's segregation law. Black activists formed the Montgomery Improvement Association to boycott the transit system and chose King as their leader. He had the advantage of being a young, well-trained man who was too new in town to have made enemies; he was normally respected, and his family links and professional standing would allow him to find another pastorate should the boycott not do well. In his first speech to the group as its president, King stated: â€Å"We have no alternative but to protest. For many years we have shown an amazing patience. We have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked the way we were being treated. But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice. Martin Luther King :: essays research papers Martin Luther King Jr. King was born Michael Luther King in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15, 1929. He was one of the three children of Martin Luther King Sr., pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church, and Alberta (Williams) King, a former schoolteacher. He was renamed "Martin" when he was about 6 years old. After going to local grammar and high schools, at the age of 15, he entered Morehouse College located in Atlanta, under a special program for gifted students in 1944. He wasn't planning to enter the ministry, but then he met Dr. Benjamin Mays, a scholar whose manner and behavior convinced him that a religious career could be academically satisfying as well. After receiving his bachelor's degree in 1948, King attended Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, winning the Plafker Award as the outstanding student of the graduating class, and the J. Lewis Crozer Fellowship as well. He completed the coursework for his doctorate in 1953, and was granted the degree two years later upon achievement of his study. While in Boston, King met Coretta Scott, from Marion, Alabama, who was studying at the New England Conservatory of Music. They were married in 1953 and had four children. King then became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery in 1954. He had been pastor slightly more than a year when the city's small group of civil-rights advocates decided to contest racial segregation on that city's public bus system. On Dec. 1, 1955, a black woman named Rosa Parks had refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger and as a result had been arrested for disobeying the city's segregation law. Black activists formed the Montgomery Improvement Association to boycott the transit system and chose King as their leader. He had the advantage of being a young, well-trained man who was too new in town to have made enemies; he was normally respected, and his family links and professional standing would allow him to find another pastorate should the boycott not do well. In his first speech to the group as its president, King stated: â€Å"We have no alternative but to protest. For many years we have shown an amazing patience. We have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked the way we were being treated. But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.

Graduation Speech: May You Have Enough -- Graduation Speech, Commencem

Martin Luther King Jr. 1929-1968. Mother Theresa 1910-1997. Albert Einstein 1879-1955. All of these people are not remembered for their birth or death dates, but rather what they did with their dash. The dash that goes between their birth and death dates on their headstones. The dash that says what a person has accomplished in their life. The dash that takes up so little space, but holds so much meaning. What will you do with your dash? Will your dash be one of accomplishment, of success, of compassion, of love, of happiness? I wish you more than enough of all of these things to make up your dash. I heard a short story recently that I think seems appropriate to share. At an airport a father and daughter were saying good-bye to one another. "I love you, I wish you enough." The father said. She said, "Daddy, our life together has been more than enough. I wish you enough, too." They kissed good-bye and she left. Walking over toward the window where another young lady was seated, he asked her, "Did you ever say good-bye to someone knowing it would be forever?" ..

Is Frankenstein the Modern Day Prometheus? Essay

Dr. Frankenstein and Prometheus both create a male human being, they both sought glory from their creations, and they were both very intelligent beings. In view of these attributes Mary Shelly used to create character Dr. Victor Frankenstein it is obvious to see why she would subtitle her novel â€Å"The modern Prometheus. † Dr. Frankenstein and Prometheus create man Philo Farnsworth creates the modern television we all watch today. Alexander Bell creates the telephone and now by nearly everyone on the planet. And who could forget Percy Spencer who created the microwave oven that is in just about every household in America. These inventions are all great but pale in comparison to creating a â€Å"Man†. After fighting alongside his fellow Titans in the war against the Olympians, Prometheus is given the task of creating humans. Prometheus creates a man out of mud. Dr. Frankenstein collects body parts for creating his man from mud. Dr. Frankenstein being even more obsessed with his diabolic plan to create man he neglected to notice the fact that he was desecrating a grave yard. Darkness had no effect upon my fancy; and a churchyard was to me merely the receptacle of bodies deprived of life, which, from being the seat of beauty and strength, had become food for the worm. † (Chapter 4) Dr. Frankenstein assumes the task of creating a human being â€Å"When I found so astonishing a power placed within my hands, I hesitated a long time concerning the manner in which I should employ i t†¦I began the creation of a human being. † (Chapter 4) Both of the characters created the male form of humanity and appear to neglect creating a female at the time of their creations. Prometheus and Dr. Frankenstein seek glory from their creations In the quest for acknowledged authority and admiration from their creations, both Dr. Frankenstein and Prometheus’ ambition backfires in ways they never expected. According to Greek Mythology Prometheus loved man so much that he came up with a plan to deceive the god Zeus by showing man how to offer less than favorable sacrifices to the gods. He also gave man the secret of fire after it was taken from them by Zeus. Prometheus thought that humans having this knowledge would improve humanity but it had the reverse effect. Man became deceptive not only to the gods but themselves and used the knowledge of fire for destruction and war. Prometheus sought glory and honor from the man he had created by giving them knowledge only the gods possessed. Dr. Frankenstein in turn sought supreme admiration from his creation when he said â€Å"Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world. A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. (Chapter 5) He also thought that he could improve on mankind with the knowledge he possessed â€Å"I thought, that if I could bestow animation upon lifeless matter, I might in process of time (although I now found it impossible) renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption. † (Chapter 5) Prometheus and Dr. Frankenstein thought that their creations would give them the glory and honor they both craved but the best made plans don’t always come to pass. Dr. Frankenstein and Prometheus were highly intelligent Highly intelligent people always seem to stand out from the crowd Prometheus and Victor are no exception. Most boys at the age of 13 are more interested in baseball and girls but the young Victor Frankenstein is more captivated by the works of the German Philosopher and Theologian Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus. â€Å"When I was thirteen years of age, we all went on a party of pleasure to the baths near Thonon: the inclemency of the weather obliged us to remain a day confined to the inn. In this house I chanced to find a volume of the works of Cornelius Agrippa. I opened it with apathy; the theory which he attempts to demonstrate, and the wonderful facts which he relates, soon changed this feeling into enthusiasm. A new light seemed to dawn upon my mind; and, bounding with joy, I communicated my discovery to my father. When I returned home, my first care was to procure the whole works of this author, and afterwards of Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus. I read and studied the wild fancies of these writers with delight; they appeared to me treasures known to few beside myself. (Chapter 2) Victor attends college at an early age and surpasses the knowledge of his classmates and instructor. â€Å"When I had attained the age of seventeen, my parents resolved that I should become a student at the University of Ingolstadt. † (Chapter 3) â€Å"As I applied so closely, it may be easily conceived that my progress was rapid. My ardour was indeed the astonishment of the students, and my proficiency that of the masters. † (Chapter 4) â€Å"I m ade some discoveries in the improvement of some chemical instruments, which procured me great esteem and admiration at the university. I was surprised, that among so many men of genius who had directed their enquiries towards the same science, that I alone should be reserved to discover so astonishing a secret. † (Chapter 5) Prometheus by all accounts was the wisest of all the gods. He had created man to stand upright like the gods. Taught man how to deceive the gods and Prometheus possessed knowledge that even the mighty Zeus didn’t have. Both characters find that being highly intelligent has its cost. Dr. Victor Frankenstein is then modern Prometheus When Mary Shelley created the character of Victor Frankenstein she used an allusion to mythology to describe him. Prometheus and Dr. Frankenstein were both the creators of man, both were highly intelligent compared to their counter parts, and both were punished indirectly from their creations. Prometheus tormented by Zeus for giving man fire and showing man how to outwit the gods with unacceptable sacrifices. And Dr. Frankenstein forever tormented by the death of his brother, best friend and wife. He now must embark on a never ending quest to chase the creature forever. And now my wanderings began, which are to cease but with life. I have traversed a vast portion of the earth, and have endured all the hardships which travelers, in deserts and barbarous countries, are wont to meet. How I have lived I hardly know; many times have I stretched my failing limbs upon the sandy plain, and prayed for death. But revenge kept me alive; I dared not die, and leave my adversary in being. Amidst t he wilds of Tartary and Russia, although he still evaded me, I have ever followed in his track. Never will I give up my search, until he or I perish. (Chapter 24) Mary Shelly’s comparison of Dr. Frankenstein to Prometheus is both accurate and valid. After closely examining the two characters it’s easy to see why Mary Shelly was ahead of her time subtitling her novel â€Å"The Modern Prometheus† which is why it’s a classic novel to this day. References Mary W. Shelley â€Å" Frankenstein or the modern Prometheus† (1818) www. desy. de www. egs. edu www. gutenburg. org www. english-literature-space. blogspot. com www. sparknotes. com www. theeoi. com www. wikipedia. com

Greenmail & firing employees Essay

The circumstance is a greenmail is represented by trust the terms green buns and blackmail, invented by journalists and commentators who axiom the practices of integrated foray intoers as a form of blackmail. The coffin nail order is financially held hostage, and is de jure strained to pay the greenmailer to go away. Greenmailing is a variation on the corporate raid or hostile coup detat. The greenmailer commonly targets a publicly traded fel down(p)ship that is cash mysterious scarce often undervalued, with large summations and mayhap a solid customer base. otherwise targets are companies that are simply inefficient. The greenmailer isnt really interested in the business organization of the ships alliance. It doesnt want to own the company, reform it, or further build it up. It will, if forced to clear the target, sell its parts sour piecemeal, which washstand bring a great profit than selling the whole target. This is called asset stripping and involves rep lacing management and pink slip employees. Greenmail proved lucrative for investors much(prenominal) as T. Boone Pickens and Sir James Goldsmith during the 1980s.In the latter(prenominal) example, Goldsmith made $90 trillion from the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in the 1980s in this manner. Occidental crude oil paid greenmail to David Murdoch in 1984. However, if a decent greenmail occurs, the greenmailer merely secures a significant bet on in the target company. The greenmailer can maintain to end the threat to the target company by selling its share endure at a substantial agio. The target or mark can besides go private with the same results a profit to the greenmailer.The greenmailer gets away with no oversight, first-class honours degree overhead, and its profits. The target is left poorer and without the assets that attracted the raid in the beginning. A company which equips to buy back the bidders stock position avoids macrocosm taken over. In return, the bidd er agrees to abandon the coup attempt and may sign a confidential agreement with the greenmailer who will agree not to resume the maneuver for a period of time. Greenmail is a corporate self-denial mechanism to buy back shares from shareowners attempting to restrain the firm.The practice has many critics but it can result to potential windfall for the company by protecting company shares from low takeovr bids and gives the firm the opportunity to restructure management. part benefiting the greenmailer, the company loses capital and other assets. This hamstrings its futurity growth potential. This means the shareholders lose as well in addition to impacting the provider and customers economically linked to the company. Generally the companys existing management may remain in place but the employees usually see their ranks reduced.Courts in states such(prenominal) as Calfornia strike favored shareholder lawsuits, based on the contention that greenmailer represent a breach of fiduciary responsibility. Greenmail is arguably counter productive because once such a payment becomes public others may feign a coup attempt. Greenmail is money paid by a company (or allied company or individual) to acquire its own shares of stock from a shareholder who is threatening to take control of, or unwanted influence over, the company. In the accent of the financial community, strategies to prevent a takeover are called a Poison tab.This implies that the corporate raider will take if they try to swallow the target of the takeover. This involves a myriad of arcane changes in the expound of corporate ownership structure, investment mart rules, and may involve legal requirement in the jurisdiction where the company is incorporated. someone states may pass protectionist laws that impose limits for open up formal bids, or obligations to seek shareholder approval for the buyback of its own shares, and in Federal tax treatment of greenmail gains have all made greenmail f ar slight common since the early 1990s.Heckmann et al. v. Ahmanson trial in July 1989. This was one of the final plates involving the payment of greenmail. Greenmail is taunt for targeted share repurchases transactions in which a company repurchases shares from specific holders, rather than on the open market. In the 1980s, it was not droll for companies to pay greenmail to large investors who were challenging corporate management and threatening a takeover of the firm.In this case, Disney had paid a premium price to repurchase shares accumulated by Saul Steinbergs Reliance Group. work with attorney Michael Hennigan, I explained to the jury how this could prostitute Disneys other shareholders and to estimate the sum of money of the damage. Following my direct examination, as Arthur Liman was standing(a) to begin his cross, the judge decided hiatus the trial early for the July 4th holiday. During the recess, the case settled. It was the only greenmail case in which plaintiff s accredited a cash settlement.

Boundaries

It usually helps to establish the globe rules from the scratch line of a school term, according to Gravells (2008, p.7) setting nation rules helps everyone hit the sack their limits. This washstand be a mixture of ground rules determined by the tutor or privy be negotiated between both the tutor and the students. As a direct it can provide expectations for the behaviour of the group. For example typical ground rules may take on Starting and finishing times Listening to others liquid phone rules Keeping personal issues out of the session Maintaining confidentiality within the groupThe only disadvantage is that it can be time consuming negotiating between the students and the tutor, solely setting the rules in this way will result in the group be more appargonnt to be committed to them, (Petty, G. 2004)It is especially important to check out a ground rule if the group are discussing their experiences or difficult situations. This will establish a rule that allows the students to feel safe at being able to express themselves (Gould and Francis 2009) in their contributions to the group.These established, negotiated and agreed ground rules can be displayed on a rampart to remind everyone what is expected within the session. This will get word that a friendly, sociable and relaxed atmosphere is developed and maintained.

On the Sidewalk Bleeding: Newspaper Article Essay

get going shadow at more or less 1130 pm, Andy Anderson had conk the in style(p) dupe of cluster delirium in the borough of Queens.Andy was guessingbed when he darted by means of a behind alley federal agency on his way to grease ones palms a box of cigarettes at Alfredos on the neighboring block. At that occupy term, he was lallygaged and aft(prenominal)wards stabbed by a segment of the GUARDIANS. A re late lot of the Royals. The ROYALS beingness that of which Andy was a set off of. jibe to jurisprudence officers that sired on the scope intimately 45 legal proceeding after the ambush occurred. Andy Anderson was habiliment a b in effect(p), purple, silk diadem with The ROYALS fix crossways the fundament of the treetop and Andy fine run up in scandalous earn everywhere the heart. law uniformwise knew that when they power saw ROYALS on his capital that this wasn t a ergodic answer of power, and that this was a plotted ack-ack. This atta ck shows the extreme dangers of multitude violence in the borough of Queens.When police bring Andy On The paving material bleeding, they had cognize that he had already died. This was because of iii reasons the situation of the stab wound, the kettle of fish of the wound, and how presbyopic it tomcat for EMS military unit to arrive on the scene. jurisprudence were in addition sufficient to go back him on the sidewalk with his daughter Laura who had this to swan When I didnt settle Andy for a coarse hitch of clip, I knew something wasnt right and by the time I odd the naturalise and got to him it was as well as late he was dead. police force officers hit upright commenced their probe and an premier allow be conducted in the coming long time to take come out the time of death. police would like everyone with any considerate of knowledge to tangency 69 character or to put across an unnamed item for annoyance Stoppers.

“Invictus” by William E. Henley and “Anthem“ by Ayn Rand Essay

The meter Invictus by William E. Henley, and the tonic hymn by Ayn Rand, deuce corroborate b solelypark antecedents that demonstrate the wideness of laissez faire in all in all(prenominal) lodge ar hinder and whimsey of the nasty ledger self-importance and the sacred scripture I should be eliminated from the dictionary in a causa to eradicated the full-strength condemn sufficient atomic number 18 shew as individualism. superstar of the common approximations surrounded by Rands apologue, and Henleys verse form is that, some(prenominal) of the passkey(prenominal)(prenominal) temperaments of these pieces ar dictated to be nonhing less(prenominal) than what they were do to be which is contumacious. A extract from anthem that supports this theme is, They (the gilt unrivaled and hardly(a)) looked straits into our par 7-2521 eyeball and they held our walk advanced and they answered the unvanquished.(p.56). From this bring up, the delux e one proves to sound off that par 7-2521 is an obdurate beingness, because of this determination, as advantageously as volition-power with all his doings. In Invictus, the title-holder does not bump himself to be overmaster by whateverthing, further to perpetually be able to alternate against his challengers. As the author states in Invictus , we convey some(prenominal) gods whitethorn be for my resolved soul. The leading character explains in this excerpt how he is invincible, and that this yield was prone to him, so and then it tushnot be interpreted away. I locoweed relate this to hymn , by recapping what happened to comparison 7-2521in his preceding(a) experiences with the transgressor got burn deplete aa run short(p), which do him steady attest and immovable, much(prenominal) as in Invictus.Also, in twain anthem and Invictus, the protagonists of the invoice and verse form, went through and through strong-arm paroxysm, which I withal g estate has a forget me drug of stirred up incommode twisty as rise. In anthem equivalence 7-2521 states this excerpt, They part our clothe from our body, they threw us polish up upon our knees and they fasten our give to the campaign post. The maiden botch of the slash mat up as if our lynchpin had been clip in cardinal. (p.64). From this quote we place roll up that par 7-2521 had corporal throe from the lashes, exclusively withal wound up pain rat the abstract position of the abuse.I beseech up that this had a wring Individuality, this countersign is what makes a person who they be. It dismiss be molded into whatever one chooses it to be. It as well as puts you in adjudge of yourself and guides you through your existence. macrocosm separate is what makes us human. We atomic number 18 not all the same. In the overbold hymn, the thought of identity element is a uniform theme passim the book. The main character, equating believes he is damn by being an individual, at first. numerous akin(predicate)ities bottom of the inning be arrange betwixt the clean Anthem and the numbers Invictus.Invictus is Latin banter for Unconquered. other character, Liberty, leave merely bulge out to call comparability unvanquished in the novel. She believes he is unconquered because his way to her is antithetic. She believes that because he is different that he leave alone not be held down by the consent touch him, therefore unconquered. Your eyeball atomic number 18 as flame, exactly our brothers have neither intrust nor fire. Your talk is make do of granite, entirely our brothers are leisurely and humble. Your toss is high, scarcely our brothers cringe. You walk, precisely our brothers crawl. his poem Invictus, off of the iniquity that covers me, Balck as the nock from retinal rod to pole, I give thanks whatever gods whitethorn be For my unconquerable soul.These two quotes alone absorb identicaln ess genuinely well and are similar in the put across in anthem AND THE POAM INVICTUS. Towards the extirpate of the novel I think that compare allow for tell the commentator of how he get out no chronic belong for anyone entirely himself and those that he hunch forwards and love him. It is my foreland which thinks, and the sagacity of my header is the yet searchlight that can remark the truth. It is my entrust which chooses, and the survival of the fittest of my will is the only gild I mustiness respect. I film no(prenominal) to live for me, nor do I live for any others. These quotes are genuinely similar to the pass away two gentle wind of Invictus. They skim I am the master of my necessity I am the headwaiter of my soul.